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T.Wilson Lesson Board

■What most ADVANCED learners need is exposure to the language

You have learnt (but may forget) most grammar structures (native speakers often NEVER learnt these and often make mistakes: some of the mistakes become a part of modern English, slang, patois etc.. eg: "I'n'it?"= isn't it….this is often used now in the street as a simple question marker: "my mum's coming, init?". It is clearly grammatically WRONG but I expect it will be accepted as a form of English within 10 years)

You may believe you must learn new English or "difficult" English. In fact, any English providing it is interesting and stimulating will give you the exposure you need.

You need more practice doing things with the language you know! You do not need obscure vocabulary and expressions

The best way to expose yourself to English is to read and watch films/tv


■BRITISH HISTORY

500BC
From about 500BC, a tribe called the Celts came from Europe to Britain and Ireland. Many of them stayed, and probably passed on their ideas and language to the people already living in Britain. Over the next 500 years Celtic tribes occupied the whole of Britain. Today, Celtic people live in Ireland, Wales and Scotland. These countries still have a Celtic language but few people today speak Irish, Welsh and (Scots or) Gaelic*

o Gaelic is the true Celtic languages of Scotland.
o Scots is spoken sometime in the border counties, near England. It is much closer to German It comes from Old Northumbrian, the language spoken in the North of England in 7th Century.
o Gaelic is now enjoying a revival with more support from the public and from government, especially in education.

ARE THE DIFFERENT LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN JAPAN?


■Which stage of English are you at?

1
we are exposed to language without saying anything

2
we begin to say individual words

3
we combine small groups of words

4
we make (grammatically inaccurate) sentences

5
we can use functional language in most situations
we struggle to explain complex ideas

6
we have mastered phonology and grammar
we speak fluently and accurately
because of constant exposure to the language
and practice of the language

7
Semantic development continues all our lives
There is always new vocabulary to be learnt
New meanings to explore

Language functions:

Medical directory! Case history

What’s your name
How old are you?
What’s your job?
Where do you live?
Are you married
Do you smoke?
How many do you smoke a day?
Do you drink?
Beer wine or spirits (UK) beer wine or alcohol(US)?
Do you take regular exercise? How often do you….?

Present illness:
What’s brought you along today?
What can I do for you?
What seems to be the problem
How can I help (you)?

How long have they/ has this been bothering you?
How long have you had them/ it?
When did they/it start?

Where does it hurt?
Where is it sore?
Does it hurt here?
Show me where the problem is
Which part of you (foot) is affected?
Does it stay in one place or does it go anywhere else?

What’s the pain like? Sharp, dull, throbbing, constant, intermittant
What kind of pain is it?
Can you describe the pain?
Is it enough to wake you up/ is it enough to keep you awake at night?
Does it affect your work?
Is it continuous or does it come and go?
How long does it last?

Aggravating factors/ relief:

Is there anything that makes it better/worse?
Does anything make it better/ worse?

What seems to bring it on?
Does it come at any particular time?

Have you taken anything for it?
Did (the tablets) help
(for Pharmacist/UK: Chemist) are you taking medication?

Apart from the headaches, are there any other problems?

Previous health/ history:
How have you been keeping up to now?
Have you ever been admitted to hospital?
Have you ever had (headaches) before/ have you ever experienced (headaches) before?
Has there been any change in your health since your last visit?
Are you parents alive and well?
Is there any history of (,,,,) in your family?
What did he/ she die of?
How old was he/ she?
Does anyone else in your family suffer from this problem?

Have you had any problem with (passing water/ visiting the lavatory etc) Do you have regular bowel movements? Constipation, diarrhea
Any problems with (your chest)?
What’s (your appetite) like?
Have you noticed any blood in your stools?
Do you ever suffer from headaches?
Do (bright lights) bother you?

What caused this, what brought this on, was it

“Listen to me,” said Snape, his voice so low now that Harry had to push his ear against the keyhole to hear. “I am trying to help you. I swore to your mother I would protect you. I made the unbreakable vow (promise), Draco-”

“Looks like you’ll have to break it then, because I don’t need your protection! It’s my job HE gave it to me and I’m doing it. I’ve got a plan and it’s going to work, it’s just taking a bit longer than I thought it would.”

“What is your plan?”

“It’s none of your business!”

“If you tell me what you aretrying to do, I can assist you.”

“I’ve got all the assistance I need,thanks, I’m not alone.”

“You were certainly alone tonight, which was foolish in the extreme, wandering the corridors without lookouts or backup. These are elementary mistakes.”

“I would’ve had Crabbe and Goyle with me if you hadn’t put them in detention.”

“Keep your voice down!” spat Snape, for Malfoy’s voice had risen excitedly. “If your friends Crabbe and Goyle intend to pass their exams this time round they will have to work a little harder than they are doing at present.”

“What does it matter?” said Malfoy. “Defence against the Dark Arts is all a joke, isn’t it. It’s an act. Like any of us need protecting against the Dark Arts!”

“It is an act that is crucial to success, Draco!” said Snape. “Where do you think I would have been all these years if I had not known how to act? Now listen to me! You are being stupid, wandering around at night, getting yourself caught, and if you think you can rely on assistants like Crabbe and Goyle…”

“They’re not the only ones. I’ve got other people on my side. Better people!”

“Then why not tell me who they are?”

“I know what you’re up to. YOU want to steal my glory!”

There was another pause, then Snape said coldly. “You are speaking like a child. I understand how much your father’s imprisonment has upset you…”

Harry had barely a second’s warning; he heard Malfoy’s footsteps on the other side of the door and flung himself out of the way just as it burst open; Malfoy was striding away down the corridor, past the open door of Slughorn’s office, round the distant corner and out of sight.

Hardly daring to breathe, Harry remained crouched down as Snape emerged slowly from the classroom. His expression unfathomable, he returned to the party. Harry remained on the floor, hidden beneath his clock of invisibility, his mind racing.


VOCAB

low voice: very quiet
I swear to do something: I make a promise (past: I swore)
Unbreakable- something that cannot be broken
(people break their word, break a promise, break a vow)

It’s none of your business- or mind your own business! (It is private. This is a rude expression but very common)

Assist- help. (assistant= helper)
In the extreme- this is a saying. The extreme is the end of something.
We also use “extremely” it was extremely hot…

I would have, I would’ve… = maybe, if

Detention (kept in school, made to do extra work as a punishment)
Keep your voice down= be silent. Shhh….

I intend to speak English. It is my intention…

An act- theatre/ playacting

Wandering around- walking without proper direction… casual walk
Reliance on something. Can you rely on something? Will something HELP you

Confide in/ trust me

Imprisonment- spending time in jail Malfoy’s father is in Azkaban prison)

Stride away- walk with big steps
(probably angrily)

unfathomable- unknown… cannot measure
Harry cannot understand what Snape is really thinking